Histopathological comparison of bone healing effects of endonasal and percutaneous lateral osteotomy methods in rabbit rhinoplasty model / Comparação histopatológica dos efeitos da cicatrização óssea entre as técnicas de osteotomia lateral endonasal e percutânea em modelo de rinoplastia em coelhos

Abstract Introduction: Lateral osteotomy is mainly performed either endonasally or percutaneously in rhinoplasty which is a frequently performed operation for the correction of nasal deformities. Both techniques have both advantages and disadvantages relative to each other. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological effects of endonasal and percutaneous osteotomy techniques performed in rhinoplasty on bone healing and nasal stability in an experimental animal model. Methods: Eight one year-old New Zealand white rabbits were included. Xylazine hydrocloride and intramuscular ketamine anesthesia were administered to the rabbits. Endonasal osteotomy (8 bones) was performed in Group 1 (n = 4), and percutaneous osteotomy (8 bones) in Group 2 (n = 4). One month later the rabbits were sacrificed. Bone healing of the rabbits was staged according to the bone healing score of Huddleston et al. In both groups, nasal bone integrity was assessed subjectively. Results: In the percutaneous osteotomy group, Grade 1 bone healing was observed in two samples (25%), Grade 2 bone healing in two samples (25%), Grade 3 bone healing in four samples (50%). In the endonasal osteotomy group, Grade 1 bone healing was observed in 6 samples (75%) and Grade 2 bone healing was observed in 2 samples (25%). In the percutaneous group, fibrous tissue was observed in 2, predominantly fibrous tissue and a lesser amount of cartilage was observed in 2 and an equal amount of fibrous tissue and cartilage was observed in 4 samples. In the endonasal group, fibrous tissue was observed in 6 samples, and predominantly fibrous tissue with a lesser amount of cartilage was observed in 2 samples. In both groups, when manual force was applied to the nasal bones, subjectively the same resistance was observed. Conclusion: Percutaneous lateral osteotomy technique was found to result in less bone and periost trauma and better bone healing compared to the endonasal osteotomy technique.

Resumo Introdução: Nas rinoplastias, a osteotomia lateral é realizada principalmente por via endonasal ou percutânea para correção de deformidades nasais. Ambas as técnicas apresentam vantagens e desvantagens. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos histopatológicos sobre a cicatrização óssea e estabilidade nasal entre as técnicas de osteotomia endonasal e percutânea em rinoplastia em um modelo animal experimental. Método: Foram incluídos oito coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia de um ano de idade. Hidrocloreto de xilazina e cetamina intramuscular foram administrados aos coelhos como agentes anestésicos. Osteotomia endonasal (8 ossos) foi realizada no Grupo 1 (n = 4) e osteotomia percutânea (8 ossos) no Grupo 2 (n = 4). Um mês depois, os coelhos foram sacrificados. A cicatrização óssea dos coelhos foi avaliada de acordo com o escore de cicatrização óssea de Huddleston et al. Em ambos os grupos, a integridade do osso nasal foi avaliada subjetivamente. Resultados: No grupo da osteotomia percutânea, observou-se cicatrização óssea de grau 1 em duas amostras (25%), cicatrização óssea de grau 2 em duas amostras (25%), e cicatrização óssea de grau 3 em quatro amostras (50%). No grupo da osteotomia endonasal, observou-se cicatrização óssea de grau 1 em 6 amostras (75%) e a cicatrização óssea de grau 2 foi observada em 2 amostras (25%). No grupo percutâneo, o tecido fibroso foi observado em 2 amostras, enquanto tecido predominantemente fibroso e uma menor quantidade de cartilagem foi observada em 2 e uma quantidade igual de tecido fibroso e cartilagem foi observada em 4 amostras. No grupo endonasal, observou-se tecido fibroso em 6 amostras e tecido predominantemente fibroso com uma menor quantidade de cartilagem em 2 amostras. Em ambos os grupos, quando força manual foi aplicada aos ossos nasais, a mesma resistência foi observada subjetivamente. Conclusão: A técnica de osteotomia lateral percutânea resultou em menor traumatismo ósseo e periosteal e melhor cicatrização óssea em comparação com a técnica de osteotomia endonasal.

Facial height in Japanese-Brazilian descendants with normal occlusion

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the standards of facial height in 30 young (14-year-old) Japanese-Brazilian descendants with normal occlusion, and assess whether sexual dimorphism is evident. METHODS: The cephalometric measurements used followed the analyses by Wylie-Johnson, Siriwat-Jarabak, Gebeck, Merrifield and Horn. RESULTS: Results showed dimorphism for total anterior facial height (TAFH), lower anterior facial height (LAFH), anterior facial height (AFH), total posterior facial height (TPFH) and upper posterior facial height (UPFH) measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The standards of facial heights in young Japanese-Brazilian descendants with normal occlusion were observed. Sexual dimorphism was identified in five out of thirteen evaluated variables at this age range. .

INTRODUÇÃO: o objetivo desse estudo foi obter os valores médios de normalidade das alturas faciais anterior e posterior de 30 jovens mestiços nipo-brasileiros, descendentes de xantodermas e leucodermas, com oclusão normal, com idade média de 14 anos, e verificar a presença ou ausência de dimorfismo entre os sexos. MÉTODOS: elaborou-se um estudo cefalométrico com as mensurações advindas das análises de Wylie e Johnson, Siriwat e Jarabak, Gebeck, Merrifield e Horn. RESULTADOS: os resultados revelaram a presença de dimorfismo entre os sexos para as variáveis AFAT, AFAI, AFA, AFPT e AFPS. CONCLUSÕES: um padrão cefalométrico específico, das alturas faciais anterior e posterior, para os jovens mestiços nipo-brasileiros com oclusão normal, descendentes de xantodermas e leucodermas, foi apresentado e um dimorfismo entre os sexos para cinco das treze variáveis avaliadas foi verificado nessa faixa etária média. .

Piriform Aperture Morphometry and Nasal Bones Morphology in Brazilian Population by Postero-Anterior Caldwell Radiographys / Morfometría de la Apertura Piriforme y Morfología de los Huesos Nasales en la Población Brasileña por la Radiografía Postero-Anterior de Caldwell

Piriform aperture and nasal bone contribute to the formation of the nose. Its morphology varies according to ethnic group and gender. The piriform apertures and nasal bones of 97 individuals were examined radiographically through Caldwell radiographic technique and the types of nasal bones were classified according to Hwang et al. (2005). The width, height and area of piriform aperture were measured to demonstrate the difference according to gender. Statistical analysis was performed from the Student t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The most frequent type of nasal bone was A, and D was the most uncommon in both genders. In the Student t test significant differences between genders, height, width and area of the piriform aperture were obtained and were larger in males when compared to females. The dimensions of the piriform aperture were higher in males when compared to females, and therefore may be used as parameter for the distinction of gender in Brazilian population. The type A of nasal bone was the most frequent in the Brazilian population, contributing to ethnic differentiation in human identification.

La apertura piriforme y el hueso nasal contribuyen a la formación de la nariz. Su morfología varía de acuerdo a los grupos étnicos y al sexo. Este estudio evaluó la morfología de la apertura piriforme y el hueso nasal y su relación con el sexo. Las aperturas piriformes y los huesos nasales de 97 personas fueron examinados radiográficamente mediante la técnica radiográfica de Caldwell, y los tipos de huesos nasales se clasificaron de acuerdo con Hwang et al. (2005). Se midió el ancho, la altura y el área de la apertura piriforme para demostrar las diferencias por sexo. El análisis estadístico se realizó a partir de la prueba t de Student y análisis de varianza (ANOVA). El tipo más frecuente de hueso nasal fue la A, y la D fue la menos común, en ambos sexos. En la prueba t de Student se obtuvo diferencias significativas entre los sexos, altura, ancho y área de la apertura piriforme, las que fueron mayores en hombres en comparación a las mujeres. Las dimensiones de la apertura piriforme fueron mayores en los hombres que en las mujeres, por lo que se puede utilizar como parámetro para la distinción de sexo en la población brasileña. En la población brasileña el tipo A de hueso nasal fue el más frecuente, lo que contribuye para la diferenciación étnica en la identificación humana.

The relationship between overjet size and dentoalveolar compensation.

Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of overjet size and the dento-alveolar compensation in subjects with normal class I molar relationship. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric head records of 59 Egyptian children (34 boys and 25 girls) aged 7.5 to 10.5 years with mean age of 8.69±0.73. All had normal class I type of occlusion. The sample was classified into four quartiles according to the overjet size and the cephalometric analysis was based on seven linear and eight angular measurements using a dental tracer programme. Results: showed that, in spite of presence of high significant over jet size differences between the groups; there was no significant differences in all the studied parameters were found. Applying the least significant differences (LSD) test and coefficient correlations between the studied parameters clarifying that there was a significant differences in angular measurements (SN-AB, SN-Occl, I-I, I-ML, I-NB). Conclusion: during transitional dentition there was a sufficient dento-alveolar adaptation to growth changes in the saggittal jaw relation ship to attain normal class I type of occlusion. This compensation is pronounced in angular parameters and clustered in the lower arches particularly in incisal area.

A study of cephalometric appraisal of the inheritance of craniofacial pattern in Gorkhas.

The phenotypic expression of biologic variability expressed in the craniofacial complex is influenced by constant interplay of heredity and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to observe the pattern of inheritance of cranio-facial complex in Gorkhas. Gorkhas are the original inhabitants of NEPAL in the slopes of HIMALAYAS and they generally marry strictly in their race. 76 individuals from 19 Gorkha families (son, daughter and both parents); were selected. Eight angular (saddle angle, articular angle, gonial angle, N-S-Gn, N-S-Go, SNA, SNB and ANB angles) and four linear (anterior facial height, posterior facial height, overjet and overbite) variables were measured from lateral head cephalograms and the values of the variables were evaluated and compared. It was found that the Inheritance of cranio facial pattern has shown significant coefficient of correlation from mother to offsprings for jarabak ratio, father to son for NS-Gn and NS-Go angle, father to daughter for articular and ANB angles. Different parts of craniofacial complex represents the resultant of morphology and size variation. Each one of these components are in turn influenced by many genetic and environmental factors.

An unusual variation in the anatomy of the uncinate process in external dacryocystorhinostomy.

Variations in the bony components of the nose are often encountered. One such variation was found in a 49-year-old male who had undergone conventional external dacryocystorhinostomy for adult onset nasolacrimal duct blockage. Intraoperatively, a thick bar of bone was seen beneath and parallel to the lacrimal sac fossa after a complete osteotomy had been made. Another osteotomy had to be fashioned in this bone to reach the nasal cavity. Postoperative 3D computed tomographic scan revealed the bone to be an anatomical variation of the uncinate process of the ethmoidal bone which was rather anteriorly placed, much thicker than usual, and attached to the nasal roof. The uncinate process is thin, curved and its anterior edge may frequently overlap some part of the lacrimal fossa. However, to our knowledge, the presence of such a large and thick uncinate process necessitating an additional large osteotomy has not been reported.

Medida do comprimento do osso nasal entre 11 e 15 semanas de gestação em uma população brasileira: estudo preliminar / Measurement of fetal nasal bone length in the period between 11 and 15 gestational weeks in a Brazilian population: a preliminary study

OBJETIVO: Determinar valores de referência para o comprimento do osso nasal entre 11 e 15 semanas de gestação em uma população brasileira. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com 171 gestantes normais entre 11 e 15 semanas completas. O osso nasal foi medido por via transabdominal em todos os casos. Foram calculados os percentis 5 a 95 para o comprimento do osso nasal pela fórmula: média ± 1,645 desvio-padrão. Para avaliar a correlação do comprimento do osso nasal com parâmetros antropométricos fetais utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: O osso nasal foi mensurado em todos os casos, sendo que o comprimento médio variou de 1,69 mm a 2,94 mm. O comprimento do osso nasal mostrou-se fortemente correlacionado com todos os parâmetros antropométricos fetais (p < 0,001) e com a idade gestacional (R² = 0,59). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de ser um estudo preliminar, a curva de referência do comprimento do osso nasal foi estabelecida.

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for fetal nasal bone length measurements between 11 and 15 gestational weeks in a Brazilian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was developed with 171 normal pregnant women between their 11th and 15th gestational weeks. The fetal nasal bone was measured by means of transabdominal ultrasound in all of the cases. The 5th and 95th percentiles for the nasal bone length were calculated by the formula: mean ± 1.645 standard deviation. The Spearman correlation coefficient with 95 percent confidence interval was utilized to correlate the nasal bone length with fetal anthropometric parameters. RESULTS: The nasal bone could be measured in all of the cases with the mean length ranging between 1.69 mm and 2.94 mm. Nasal bone length demonstrated to be strongly correlated with all of the fetal anthropometric parameters (p < 0.001) and with the gestational age (R² = 0.59). CONCLUSION: Despite the preliminary character of the present study, a reference range of fetal nasal bone length was established.

Manobras cirúrgicas realizadas nas rinoplastias de um serviço de residência médica em otorrinolaringologia / Surgical maneuvers performed on rhinoplasty procedures carried out at an otorhinolaryngology residency program

A rinoplastia é uma das mais desafiadoras cirurgias, seja pela diversidade de técnicas que podem ser utilizadas, seja por seus resultados pouco previsíveis em longo prazo. Cada paciente apresenta uma anatomia nasal diferente, influenciada pela hereditariedade e, portanto, pela raça, requerendo uma cirurgia específica para cada caso. Na literatura internacional predominam dados relativos às técnicas usadas em nariz caucasiano, os quais são raramente encontrados em nossa região. OBJETIVO: Avaliar quais foram as manobras cirúrgicas mais comumente realizadas nas rinoplastias dos pacientes da região, no nosso serviço. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas retrospectivamente as fichas operatórias de todos os pacientes submetidos à rinoplastia no Serviço de Residência de Otorrinolaringologia da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, no período de dezembro de 2003 a junho de 2004. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 166 pacientes, sendo que 118 (71,1 por cento) foram submetidos à incisão marginal com "delivery" das cartilagens laterais inferiores e algum tipo de procedimento sobre elas (poste, escudo cartilaginoso de Sheen, suturas, etc.). Apenas 45 pacientes (27,1 por cento) foram submetidos à "rinoplastia básica" e 3 (1,8 por cento), à rinoplastia aberta. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes necessitou de algum tipo de procedimento adicional, sendo a "rinoplastia básica", realizada freqüentemente no nariz caucasiano, uma exceção aos nossos pacientes.

Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging surgical procedures, due both to the diversity of the techniques and to the difficulty in foreseeing long-term outcomes. Each patient has a different nasal anatomy, dictated by genetic inheritance - race, thus requiring a different technique for each case. The international literature emphasizes the techniques used for the Caucasian nose, which is rarely seen in our region. AIM: Evaluate and discuss surgical maneuvers used on rhinoplasty procedures performed on local patients at our ENT residency services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the operative notes from all patients submitted to rhinoplasty at the Residency Program on Otorhinolaryngology at the Federal University of Uberlândia, from December 2003 to June 2004. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-six patients were submitted to rhinoplasty, in which marginal incisions were performed in 118 (71.1 percent), with the delivery technique performed on the inferior lateral cartilages and some procedures carried out on them (strut, sheen, sutures, etc). Only 45 patients (27.1 percent) were submitted to basic rhinoplasty and 3 (1.8 percent) to open rhinoplasty. CONCLUSION: Most of our patients demanded additional procedures, and the "basic rhinoplasty", commonly performed on the Caucasian nose was an exception on our patients.

Cephalometric norms for Bunt and Brahmin children of Dakshina Kannada based on McNamara's analysis.

Computerised cephalometrics, the key technique in measuring skeletal and dental relationship was used in order to establish norms for Bunt and Brahmin children of Dakshina Kannada using McNamara's analysis. A new landmark App-Bpp distance was also evaluated and taken as a norm for both Bunt and Brahmin children.

Injertos de tabla externa de hueso parietal para dorso nasal / Outer table of parietal bone graft in nasal dorsum

Los injertos óseos autólogos no vascularizados en la cirugía rinológica se han obtenido en tres sitios principalmente cresta iliaca (origen embrionario endocondral), costilla (origne endocondral) y la calota (origen membranoso). Este trabajo comunica los resultados en 7 casos, 4 mujeres y 3 hombres de 17 a 52 años de edad en que se usó tabla externa de hueso parietal. En dos se hizo cirugía primaria de aumento, en cuatro por hundimiento del dorso postquirúrgico y uno por nariz en silla de montar traumática. El injerto se tomó con fresado y cincel de 10 mm curso; la vía de abordaje para la rinoplastia fue con técnica abierta en todos los casos, combinando en algunos la septoplastía y valvuloplastía. Se moldeó y colocó el injerto en dorso nasal sin fijación. No se presentó ninguna complicación y la reabsorción ha sido nula o mínima a dos años

Anatomía, fisiología y imágenes de las fosas nasales y senos paranasales / Paranasal sinuses: anatomy, physiology and imaging

La reciente incorporación de la cirugía funcional endoscópica de los senos paranasales ha modificado criterios quirúrgicos en la patología sinusonasal. La cirugía endoscópica requiere gran entrenamiento técnico y un profundo conocimiento de la anatomía regional. La TC de alta resolución del macizo craneofacial es el método complementario de elección. El motivo de nuestro trabajo es presentar la anatomía y la fisiología de las fosas nasales correlacionándolas con la TC de manera que el radiólogo ofrezca un examen tomográfico adecuado para la aplicación de este tipo de cirugía. Para el estudio anatómico se examinaron 8 preparados anatómicos de cráneos secos y una cabeza fijada en formol que luego fue seccionada en planos paralelos frontales. El examen tomográfico incluyó cortes multiplanares de la cabeza fijada en formol y el estudio de 10 pacientes sin patología sinusal. El complejo ostiomeatal, que incluye el meato medio, la apófisis unciforme y las vías de drenaje de las celdillas etmoidales anteriores y de los senos frontales y maxilares son elementos de reparo fundamentales para la cirugía endoscópica y el área clave para entender las rinosinusopatías inflamatorias. La TC con cortes coronales es el método complementario indispensable para entender una anatomía que ofrece múltiples variaciones individuales